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GCI Working Paper Series - Author Last Name: "B"
Banks, Brian
The Chicago
Response to Urban Problems: Building University/Community Collaborations
Loomis Mayfield, Maureen Hellwig, & Brian Banks
April 1998
GCP-98-5
Modern university/community relationships are sometimes marked by division
and hostility. Key problems in the relationship include the assumed
objectivity of the academy; the real estate interests of universities;
and the alliance of real estate interests and political figures in opposition
to community concerns. The history and description of these relationships
in Chicago indicates there are other historical trends which have led
to fruitful partnerships, including: the influence of the settlement
house movement; the strength and diversity of community groups; change
and diversity in the university; and the influence of the civil rights
movement. This article uses the examples of the Neighborhoods Initiative
at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the Policy Research Action
Group, a consortium of four universities Loyola, DePaul, Chicago State
University, and the University of Illinois at Chicago and community
partners, to show how strong, viable collaborations can occur.
Barnum, Darold
Comparing the Efficiency
of Urban Transit Park and Ride Lots
Using Data Envelopment Analysis
Darold T. Barnum, Sue McNeil, & Jonathon Hart
December 2007
GCP-07-09
This paper discusses the need for a performance measure that compares the efficiencies
of subunits within an urban transportation organization, reflects the diversity of inputs
and outputs, and is objective and consistent. The paper presents a method for developing
such a performance indicator, and illustrates its use with an application to the park-and-ride
lots of the Chicago Transit Authority. The proposed method applies Data Envelopment Analysis
supplemented by Stochastic Frontier Analysis to estimate efficiency scores for each subunit.
The paper demonstrates how the scores can provide objective and valid indicators of each subunit’s
efficiency, while accounting for key goals and values of internal and external stakeholders. The scores
can be practically applied by a transit agency to identify subunit inefficiencies, and, as
demonstrated by several brief case studies, this information can be used as the basis for changes
that will improve both subunit and system performance.
Using Panel Data Analysis to
Estimate Confidence Intervals for the DEA Efficiency
of Individual Urban Paratransit Agencies
Darold T. Barnum, John M. Gleason, & Brendon Hemily
December 2007
GCP-07-10
This paper demonstrates a methodology using Panel Data Analysis to estimate confidence intervals for the
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency of individual urban paratransit agencies and the statistical
significance of trends in individual agency efficiency. The procedure accounts for stochastic variations
of the inputs and outputs of the target agency as well as stochastic variations of the inputs and outputs
of its efficient benchmark peers. The procedure is demonstrated using nine years of data from 34 urban
paratransit agencies.
Estimating DEA Confidence Intervals for
Canadian Urban Paratransit Agencies
Using Panel Data Analysis
Darold T. Barnum, John M. Gleason, & Brendon Hemily
January 2008
GCP-08-01
This paper illustrates three concepts new to the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) literature, and applies
them to data from Canadian urban paratransit agencies. First, it predicts valid confidence intervals and
trends for each agency’s true efficiency. Second, it uses Panel Data Analysis methodology, a set of
statistical procedures that are more likely to produce valid estimates than those commonly used in DEA
studies. Third, it uses a new method of identifying and adjusting for environmental effects that has more
power than conventional procedures.
DEA Efficiency Analysis Involving
Multiple Production Processes with an Application to Urban Mass Transit
Darold T. Barnum & John M. Gleason
February 2008
GCP-08-02
This paper addresses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency analysis in organizations with multiple production
processes. It shows how to measure the impact on an organization’s overall efficiency of (a) inefficient and
superefficient subunits, and (b) the efficiency with which input resources are allocated to the subunits. It
introduces a simple model for efficiently allocating inputs among subunits, and applies the entire analytical
process to a large urban mass transit agency.
Estimating Data Envelopment Analysis
Frontiers for Nonsubstitutable Inputs and Outputs: The Case of Urban Mass Transit
Darold T. Barnum & John M. Gleason
February 2008
GCP-08-03
Conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) models assume that inputs are substitutable for each other, and that
outputs are substitutable for each other. However, recent DEA articles frequently include outputs that cannot be
substituted for each other and inputs that cannot be substituted for each other. In this paper, we demonstrate
that conventional DEA models report invalid efficiency scores when outputs and/or inputs are nonsubstitutable.
We use artificial data to illustrate the differences between the efficient frontiers of substitutable and
nonsubstitutable variables. Assuming that the inputs and outputs are nonsubstitutable, we compare the DEA scores
from a conventional DEA model with those from a new model, the Fixed Proportion Additive (FPA) model, which we
developed to deal with nonsubstitutable variables. Then, we apply the conventional and FPA models to real-world
data involving urban mass transit systems, where the outputs are nonsubstitutable, and where the inputs are
nonsubstitutable. Finally, we make recommendations for model use when inputs or outputs are nonsubstitutable,
one involving the development of new models and the others involving adaptations that can be made if one wishes to
use conventional models.
Comparing the Performance of
Urban Transit Bus Routes after Adjusting
for the Environment, Using Data Envelopment Analysis
Darold T. Barnum, Sonali Tandon, & Sue McNeil
April 2008
GCP-08-05
Urban transit managers strive to attain multiple goals with tightly constrained resources. Ratio
analysis has evolved into a powerful tool for dealing with these goals and constraints. Ratio
analysis provides analytical methods for comparing the performance of multiple agencies, as well
as the performance of subunits within a particular agency, in order to identify opportunities for
improvement. One ratio analysis procedure that has become increasingly popular is Data Envelopment
Analysis (DEA). DEA yields a single, comprehensive measure of performance, the ratio of the aggregated,
weighted outputs to aggregated, weighted inputs. This paper makes two contributions to the practice of
urban transit performance evaluation using DEA. First, instead of using DEA to compare the performance
of multiple transit systems, it uses DEA to compare the performance of multiple bus routes of one urban
transit system. Second, it introduces a new procedure for adjusting the raw DEA scores that modifies
these scores to account for the environmental influences that are beyond the control of the transit agency.
A Quality Control Framework
for Bus Schedule Reliability
Jie Lin, Ming L. Wang, & Darold T. Barnum
May 2008
GCP-08-06
This paper develops and demonstrates a quality control framework for bus schedule
reliability. Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) devices provide necessary data; Data
Envelopment Analysis (DEA) yields a valid summary measure from partial reliability
indicators; and Panel Data Analysis provides statistical confidence boundaries for each
route-direction’s DEA scores. If a route-direction’s most recent DEA score is below its
lower boundary, it is identified as in need of immediate attention. The framework is
applied to 29 weeks of AVL data from 24 Chicago Transit Authority bus routes (and
therefore 48 route-directions), thereby demonstrating that it can provide quick and
accurate quality control.
Blickenstaff, Amy
Obstacles
to Employment of Women with Abusive Partners: A Summary of Select Interview
Data
Stephanie Riger, Courtney Ahrents, Amy Blickenstaff, &
Jennifer Camacho
July 1999
GCP-99-1
A high proportion of women who receive welfare are abused by their intimate
partners. This paper examines the relationship among welfare receipt,
job readiness (i.e., employment history and training), employment resources
(i.e., transportation and child care) and intimate violence among women
in three domestic violence shelters. These women have few job skills
and many barriers to employment. Many reported long-term physical or
mental health problems, and most had young children at home, making
work difficult. Most of the women were unemployed and few had any kind
of job training. Their job histories consisted of intermittent work
for low pay in unskilled positions. Many of their abusers disrupted
the women’s work and school efforts, severely interfering with
their attempts at self-sufficiency.
Bowden, Lynette
Sheltering
the Homeless: Social Mobility Along the Continuum of Care
Charles Hoch & Lynette Bowden
November 1998
GCP-98-3
The homeless problem now enjoys a settled if marginal place in U.S.
domestic policy. Programs to treat and remedy the homeless problem have
also found acceptance integrated within a “continuum of care”.
In this essay we argue that current ideas about the problem and its
solution emphasize social mobility for the poor – a mobility that
existing empirical research does not support. The overemphasis on versions
of social dependence as the problem has encouraged the use of shelters
and social programs to change individual households rather than the
kind and amounts of low rent housing. We review current evidence on
shelter use to illustrate the limits on mobility. Providing supportive
housing to remedy the privations of the poor does make good sense, but
mainly if organized to strengthen social reciprocity among households
in affordable residential communities. This not only requires social
investment, but innovative design and use of affordable housing alternatives.
A brief case study provides an example.
Brier, Jennifer
Marketing Safe Sex: The
Politics of Sexuality, Race and Class in San Francisco, 1983-1991
Jennifer Brier
Assistant Professor, Gender and Women's Studies and History
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago
Great Cities Institute Faculty Scholar 2005 - 2006
May 2006
GCP-06-06
This paper explores the growth of two AIDS organizations in
San Francisco: the San Francisco AIDS Foundation started in 1982, the
largest AIDS service organization in the city and one of the largest
in the nation, and the Third World Advisory Task Force (TWAATF), a community
based organization formed in 1985 to focus attention on AIDS in communities
of color to understand both the evolution of AIDS prevention work as
well as how that process elucidates the larger political landscape of
the 1980s.
Bright, Charles
Improving
Health Care Efficiency: Strategic Approaches to Managing Care for Asthma,
Sickle Cell Disease and Tuberculosis
Conference Proceedings
Elizabeth S. Hauser, Richard B. Warnecke, Susan Kerby, & Charles
Bright
April 1996
GCP-96-5
This report details the proceedings of a conference of local policy
makers, researchers, health care providers, and others to discuss the
effective and efficient health care management of sickle cell disease
(SCD), asthma and tuberculosis. The report is a summary of the panel
presentations, and the recommendations for policy development.
Broski, David
University Involvement in
the Community: Developing a Partnership Model
Wim Wiewel & David Broski
January 1997
GCP-97-3
How can a university be useful to its community in a direct and applied
way? This discourse uses the specific approach taken by the University
of Illinois at Chicago to illuminate some of the issues that universities
have to confront in developing a partnership model of university-community
involvement.
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