[1] "In the Homes of Italians," Chicago Daily News, July 16, 1887.
[2] "Where Filth is King," Chicago Tribune, July 26, 1885; "In the Italian Quarter," Chicago Daily News, June 24, 1891; "Italians of the Patch," Chicago Tribune, July 24, 1887.
[3] Enrico C. Sartorio, Social and Religious Life of Italians in America (1918; reprint, Clifton, N.J.: Augustus M. Kelley, Publishing, 1974), 57-58.
[4 ]Roger Abrahams, "Equal Opportunity Eating: A Structural Excursus on Things of the Mouth," in Ethnic and Regional Foodways in the United States: The Performance of Group Identity, ed. Linda Keller Brown and Kay Mussel (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984), 20.
[5] Francis Edward Clark, Our Italian Fellow Citizens in Their Old Homes and Their New (Boston: Small, Maynard, and Co., 1919), 75-77, 81. William P. Dillingham, Emigration Conditions in Europe, vol. 4 of Reports of the Immigration Commission (1911; reprint, New York: Arno and The New York Times, 1970), 163.
[6] Clark, 152-153. Dillingham, Emigration Conditions, 161-162.
[7]Brief descriptions of the diet of Italian peasants in Italy can be found in several sources including: Dillingham, Emigration Conditions, 163; Robert F. Foerster, The Italian Emigration of Our Times (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1919), 163; Bertha M, Foods of the Foreign Born in Relation to Health (Boston: Whitcomb and Barrows, 1922), 19; Phyllis H. Williams, South Italian Folkways in Europe and America: A Handbook for Social Workers, Visiting Nurses, School Teachers, and Physicians (1938; reissue, New York: Russell and Russell, 1969), 53, 59; Jerre Mangione and Ben Morreale, La Storia: Five Centuries of the Italian American Experience (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1992), 37-38.
[8] Anna Zaloha, "A Study of the Persistence of Italian Customs Among 143 Families of Italian Descent Members of Social Clubs at Chicago Commons," (Master's thesis, Northwestern University, 1937), 57. Bolton King and Thomas Okey, Italy Today (London: James Nisbet & Co., 1901), 128.
[9]King, 144. The Problem of the Immigrant (London: Chapman and Hall, 1905), quoted in The Italians in Chicago, 1890-1930, Virgil P. Puzzo (Master's thesis, University of Chicago, 1937), 5.
[10] Wood, Foods of the Foreign Born, 18.
[11] Marie Hall Ets, Rosa: The Life of an Italian Immigrant (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970), 29-30. King, 131.
[12] Donna Gabaccia, From Sicily to Elizabeth Street: Housing and Social Change Among Italian Immigrants, 1880-1930 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984), 40. Williams, South Italian Folkways, 51-52.
[13] Sources for migration of Italians to Chicago are: Vecoli; Humbert S. Nelli, Italians in Chicago, 1880-1930: A Study in Ethnic Mobility (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); United States Bureau of Labor, The Italians in Chicago: A Social and Economic Report, Ninth Special Report of the Commissioner of Labor (1897; reprint, New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1970); Alessandro Mastro-Valerio, "Remarks Upon the Italian Colony in Chicago" in Hull-House Maps and Papers, Residents of Hull-House (1895; reprint, New York: Arno Press & The New York Times, 1970), 131-139.
[14] Milton B. Hunt, "The Housing of Non-Family Groups of Men in Chicago," American Journal of Sociology 16, no. 2 (September 1910): 153. United States Bureau of Labor, 47.
[15] Hunt, 153-155. Frank Orman Beck, The Italian in Chicago: A Study Made By the Bureau of Surveys of the Department of Public Welfare, City of Chicago, Bulletin of the Department of Public Welfare 2, no. 3 (Chicago, 1919), 10.
[16] "First Semi-Annual Report of the Department of Public Welfare to the Mayor and Aldermen of The City of Chicago, March 15, 1915," quoted in Puzzo, 49. Edith Abbot, The Tenements of Chicago, 1908-1935 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1936), 190. Natalie Walker, "Greeks and Italians in the Neighborhood of Hull House," American Journal of Sociology 21, no. 3 (1915): 309. Department of Public Welfare, "Annual Report, 1925" (Chicago, 1925), 8. "In An Italian Patch," Chicago Herald, July 17, 1887; Rose Tellerino, interview, Italian American Collection, University of Illinois at Chicago Library (hereafter cited as IAC). For housing conditions in Italian neighborhoods, see: Walker, 285-316; Grace Peloubet Norton, "Chicago Housing Conditions, VII: Two Italian Districts," American Journal of Sociology 18, no. 4 (1913): 509-542; Robert Hunter, Tenement Conditions in Chicago: Report by the Investigating Committee of the City Homes Association (Chicago: City Homes Association, 1901); Sophonisba Breckinridge and Edith Abbott, "Chicago Housing Conditions IV: The West Side Revisited," American Journal of Sociology 17, no. 1 (July 1911): 1-34.

[17] Terese DeFalco, interview, IAC. "In the Italian Quarter"; Beck, 2; Louis Panico, interview, IAC; Joseph Provenzano, interview, IAC.

The average weekly expenditure for food per individual among Italians was eighty-two cents in 1895-96 (United States Bureau of Labor, 48). Average earnings were $5.93 per week (United States Bureau of Labor, 26-27). In 1925, Houghteling estimated that 85.2% of immigrants in Chicago spent over 30% of their income on food and over 1/6 spent over 50%. (Leila houghteling, The Income and Standard of Living of Unskilled Laborers in Chicago [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927], 94.)

[18] Williams, South Italian Folkways, 63. Rose Tellerino, interview.
[19] Williams, South Italian Folkways, 62.
[20] Ets, 172. United States Bureau of Labor, 47. Walker, 313-314. Breckinridge, New Homes, 336-338.
[21] United States Bureau of Labor, 45.
[22] Ets, 211-212.
[23] Beck, 18. Houghteling, 199-200, 204-205, 207-209.
[24] Interviews, IAC.
[25] Lydio Tomasi, The Italian American Family: The Southern Italian Family's Process of Adjustment to an Urban America (Staten Island, NY: Center for Migration Studies, 1972), 451. Edward Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society (New York: Free Press, 1967). Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1951). Virginia Yans-McLaughlin, Family and Community: Italian Immigrants in Buffalo, 1880-1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971).
[26] Gabaccia, From Sicily, 38-39, 45-46. Interviews, IAC; Florence Scala, telephone interview with author, Chicago, IL, November 11, 1994; Rose LoDolce Glowacki, interview with author, tape recording, November 20, 1994. "Document 55," quoted in Harvey Warren Zorbaugh, The Gold Coast and the Slum: A Sociological Study of Chicago's Near North Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1929), 181.
[27] Mary Argenzio, interview, IAC. Glowacki, interview.
[28]Louis Panico, interview, IAC. Ann Castaldo Iandolo, interview with Laura Iandola, Elmhurst, IL, March 2, 1998. Judith Goode, Janet Theophano, and Karen Curtis, "A Framework for the Analysis of Continuity and Change in Shared Sociocultural Rules for Food Use: The Italian-American Pattern," in Brown and Mussel, Ethnic and Regional Foodways, 84.
[29] Thomas Perpoli, interview, IAC. Rosamond Mirabella, interview, IAC. Iandolo, interview. Leonard Giuliano, interview, IAC. Panico, interview.
[30]Giuliano, interview. Zaloha, 75.
[31] Mary Candice, correspondence with Mary Ann Johnson, May 31, 1976. Ets, 217. Glowacki, interview.

[32]On the Italian family and gender roles, see: Maxine Seller, "Beyond the Stereotype: A New Look at the Immigrant Women, 1880-1924," Journal of Ethnic Studies 3 (Spring 1975): 59-70;

Lydio Tomasi, The Italian American Family: The Southern Italian Family's Process of Adjustment to an Urban America (Staten Island, NY: Center for Migration Studies, 1991); Leonard Covello, The Social Background of the Italo-American School Child: A Study of the Southern Italian Family Mores and Their Effect on the School Situation in Italy and America (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1967). For a critique of how historians have portrayed women, see: Vicenza J. Scarpaci, "La Contadina: The Plaything of the Middle Class Woman Historian," Journal of Ethnic Studies 9, no. 2 (Summer 1981): 21-38.
[33] Terese DeFalco, interview, IAC. Tellerino, interview.
[34] Graham Taylor, "Southern Italians at Home and at Work," Chicago Daily News, July 15, 1911.
[35] Gabaccia, From Sicily, 46-47. Covello, cited in Seller, 63.
[36] Breckinridge, New Homes, 57-58; Williams, 45. Iandolo, interview.
[37] "Children As Brides," Chicago Chronicle, August 8, 1897.
[38] "Report on the Sicilian colony in Chicago," manuscript, quoted in Old World Traits Transplanted, Robert E. Park and Herbert A. Miller, Americanization Studies, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1921), 155-156.
[39] Breckinridge, New Homes, 124-126.
[40] Tellerino, interview. Glowacki, interview. Breckinridge, New Homes, 127-128. Lisi Cipriani, Selected Directory of the Italians in Chicago, Market Guide and Yearly Information Bulletin (Chicago: 1927), 24-25.
[41] Iandolo, interview.
[42] United States Bureau of Labor, 43; Beck, 18; Zaloha, 69. Giuliano, interview. Zaloha, 70; Houghteling, 204. Joseph Provenzano, interview, IAC.
[43] Williams, South Italian Folkways, 64. Iandolo, interview. Provenzano, interview. Walker, 313. "All Aboard for World Tour Bin Chicago!," Sunday Times, May 7, 1935.
[44] Glowacki, interview. IAC, interviews May 7, 1935..
[45] Rose Clementi, interview, IAC. Panico, interview. Florence Scala, interview with author, Chicago, IL, November 23, 1994. Glowacki, interview. Fred L. Gardaphe, "Linguini and Lust: Food and Sex in Italian/American Culture," paper presented at DePaul University, February 8, 1995.
[46] D'Andrea, Vaneeta-marie, "The Social Role Identity of Italian American Women: An Analysis and Comparison of Familial and Religious Expectations," in The Family and Community Life of Italian Americans, ed. Richard N. Juliani (New York: The Italian American Historical Association, 1983), 65, 61-68.
[47] Lizabeth Cohen, "Embellishing a Life of Labor: An Interpretation of the Material Culture of American Working-Class Homes, 1885-1915," Journal of American Culture 3 (Winter 1980): 752-755.
[48] Elizabeth Ewen, Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars: Life and Culture on the Lower East Side, 1890-1925 (New Feminist Library. NY: Monthly Review Press, 1985), 157. Giuliano, interview. Williams, South Italian Folkways, 122. Anthony Sorrentino, Organizing Against Crime: Redeveloping the Neighborhood (New York: Human Sciences Press, 1977), 41.
[49] "Special Report, 1927-8," Chicago Commons Papers, Chicago Historical Society Library (hereafter cited as CHSL). Breckinridge, New Homes, 3. I.W. Howerth, "Are the Italians A Dangerous Class?," The Charities Review 4 (1894): 25-26.