SCHOOL SAFETY PROCEDURES FOR ART AND INDUSTRIAL ART PROGRAMS CHAPTER 8. FIRE SAFETY There are many types of fire hazards in school art and industrial art departments. These can include ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paintings, etc., flammable and combustible liquids, flammable gases, combustible metals, etc. Causes of fires can include lit cigarettes, welding sparks, static electricity, torches, and many others. FIRE EMERGENCIES According to OSHA, fire prevention plans shall contain the following minimum elements [29 CFR 1910.38(b)]: * a list of major workplace fire hazards and their proper handling and storage procedures, ignition sources, and control procedures; and * names of job titles of personnel responsible for maintaining fire control procedures and equipment. The fire control plan shall also cover housekeeping procedures, training and maintenance. Means of egress is covered in other OSHA regulations [29 CFR 1910.36 and 1910.37]. (See Chapter 10). PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS A major part of fire emergencies is fire extinguishment policy, especially involving portable fire extinguishers. OSHA regulations for portable fire extinguishers are covered in 29 CFR 1910.157 and its appendix. More details are found in NFPA 10 Standard for Installation of Portable Fire Extinguishers. Employee Role OSHA has different requirements for fire extinguishers, depending on the role of employees in fighting fires. There are three situations: 1) immediate evacuation where employees do not use fire extinguishers, 2) certain employees only are authorized to use fire extinguishers, and 3) all employees are authorized to use fire extinguishers. In the first case where there is a written fire policy calling for immediate evacuation, and the only fire extinguishers present are those required by other regulations and are not to be used by employees, then only sections dealing with inspection, maintenance and testing, and hydrostatic testing apply. In addition there must be an emergency action and fire prevention plan meeting the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.38. In the second case where only certain designated employees are authorized to use fire extinguishers, and all other employees are immediately evacuated, then sections dealing with fire extinguisher selection and distribution do not apply, but all other provisions do. In addition there must be an emergency action plan meeting requirements of 29 CFR 1910.38. Where the employer provides fire extinguishers for the use of employees, the employer shall provide educational programs covering principles of fire extinguisher use and hazards of incipient stage fire fighting to all employees. This training shall be conducted on initial employment and at least annually thereafter. Where only certain employees are designated to use fire fighting equipment as part of an emergency action plan, these employees shall receive such training upon first assignment to this duty, and at least annually thereafter. General requirements General OSHA requirements for fire extinguishers are found in 29 CFR 1910.157(c): * The employer shall provide portable fire extinguishers and shall mount them, locate them, and identify them so they are accessible without subjecting the employee to possible injury. * Only approved fire extinguishers shall be used. Carbon tetrachloride and chlorobromomethane extinguishers shall not be used. * Employers shall assure that fire extinguishers are maintained in a charged and operable condition, and that they are kept in the designated locations. * Soldered or riveted self-generating soda acid or self-generating foam and gas cartridge types that are operated by inverting them shall not be used. Selection and distribution Selection and distribution of fire extinguishers is covered in 29 CFR 1910.157(d): * Fire extinguishers shall be selected and distributed based on class of anticipated fires and size and degree of hazard. * Maximum travel distance to a Class A extinguisher shall be 75 feet. * Maximum travel distance to a Class B extinguisher shall be 50 feet. * Class C fire extinguishers shall be distributed based on patterns for Class A and B hazards. * The maximum distance to a Class D fire extinguishing agent shall be 75 feet. This is required when combustible metal powders, flakes, shavings or similar sized products are generated more than once every two weeks. Training and Education Training and education is covered in 29 CFR 1910.157(g): * Where the employer provides fire extinguishers for the use of employees, the employer shall provide educational programs covering principles of fire extinguisher use and hazards of incipient stage fire fighting to all employees. * This training shall be conducted on initial employment and at least annually thereafter. * Where only certain employees are designated to use fire fighting equipment as part of an emergency action plan, these employees shall receive training upon first assignment to this duty, and at least annually thereafter. Other Requirements * Inspection, maintenance and testing requirements are covered in 29 CFR 1910.157(e). * Hydrostatic testing requirements for portable fire extinguishers are covered in 29 CFR 1910.157(f). Appendix to 29 CFR 1910.157 The appendix to 29 CFR 1910.157 is a nonmandatory guideline to assist employers in meeting the requirements of this section. * Extinguishers for Class A hazards (ordinary combustible materials) may be selected from foam, loaded stream, multipurpose dry chemical or water types. * Extinguishers for Class B hazards (flammable and combustible liquids) may be selected from Halon 1211 or 1301, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam, or loaded stream types. (Note that halon is being restricted because of its effect on the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.) * Extinguishers for Class C hazards (energized electrical equipment) may be selected from Halon 1301 or 1211, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical types. * There are specific extinguishing agents approved for particular types of combustible metals. However universal agents which may be used include Foundry flux, Lith-X powder, TMB liquid, pyromet powder, TEC powder, dry talc, dry graphite powder, dry sand, dry sodium chloride, dry soda ash, lithium chloride, zirconium silicate and dry dolomite. Size and Distribution Complete details on the size and distribution of portable fire extinguishers can be found in National Fire Protection Association NFPA 10 Standard for Installation of Portable Fire Extinguishers. Class A fire extinguishers: Fire extinguishers are available in a variety of sizes that are rated for different sized fires. Recommendations for distribution of Class A fire extinguishers are: * The minimum rating for extra hazard occupancy is 3A. A school may be considered extra hazard occupancy because of the storage and use of flammable and combustible liquids. * For 3000 sq. ft., the minimum rating is 3A. * For 4000 sq. ft., the minimum rating is 4A. * For 6000 sq. ft., the minimum rating is 6A. * A number of 3A fire extinguishers can replace 4A and 6A types. Class B fire extinguishers: Recommendations for the distribution of Class B extinguishers are: * Travel distance to a Class B extinguisher must not be more than 50 feet. * The minimum rating for extra hazard occupancy is 12B. * Up to 3 foam type extinguishers of lower rating may be used to replace a 12B extinguisher. No other type of extinguisher of rating less than 12B is acceptable. Class C fire extinguishers: Class C fire extinguishers are required in areas containing energized electrical equipment. SPRINKLER SYSTEMS Automatic sprinkler systems are highly recommended and in many instances mandatory. Automatic sprinkler systems must meet requirements of the National Fire Protection Association's Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 13-1969), and those of OSHA. These requirements include: * Each sprinkler system must have at least one automatic water supply that has adequate pressure, capacity, and reliability. * There must be at least one connection through which the fire department can pump water. * Maintenance procedures and annual testing are required. * There must be at least 3 feet clearance between sprinklers and combustible storage, unless the material stored is in solid piles shorter than 15 feet high, or 12 feet high with horizontal channels. In the latter two cases, there may be a clearance of only 18 inches. * There should be audible alarm systems provided with the sprinkler system which should sound whenever there is a flow of water from the total system equal to the amount of flow from a single sprinkler. Alarms should be easily accessible for inspection, maintenance, repair, and removal. * If the water pressure is variable, there should be additionally a retarding device that can be accessed without shutting the sprinkler system. Sprinklers should be sealable in the open position. STORAGE AND HANDLING OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS In many inspections of schools, the greatest immediate hazard has been the proper storage and handling of flammable and combustible solvents and solvent-containing materials. Flammable liquids are liquids with a flash point below 100ø F. Combustible liquids have flash points at or above 100ø F. The flash point of a liquid is the temperature at which enough vapor forms at the surface of the liquid to ignite if a source of ignition is present. Possible sources of ignition include, but are not limited to: open flames, smoking, lightning, cutting and welding, hot surfaces, frictional heat, static, electrical and mechanical sparks, spontaneous combustion (including heat-producing chemical reactions), and radiant heat. The National Fire Protection Association further subdivides flammable and combustible liquids into several classes, as shown in Table 8-1. Flammable liquids are a fire hazard at or near room temperature. The lower the flash point, the greater the risk of a fire. Combustible liquids are not normally considered to be serious fire hazards at ambient temperatures. However, heating a solvent to a temperature at or near its flash point will increase its fire hazard, for example, causing a combustible liquid to act as if it were a flammable liquid. This can be of concern in climates where temperatures can exceed 100øF in the summer. Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids OSHA regulations covering the storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids are found in 29 CFR 1910.106. In addition, local fire department regulations should be checked since they may be more stringent than OSHA regulations. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 8-1. NFPA Classification of Flammable and Combustible Liquids Flammable Liquids Class Flash Point IA < 73ø F (b.p. < 100ø F) IB < 73ø F (b.p. > 100ø F) IC > 73ø F and < 100ø F Combustible Liquids Class Flash Point II > 100ø F and < 140ø F IIIA > 140ø F and < 200ø F IIIB > 200ø F ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Container size: Use the minimum container sizes practical to minimize dangers of spills and fires. The National Fire Protection Association, in its NFPA 45 Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals specifies a maximum container size of 1 gallon (or 2-gallon safety cans) for Class I and II liquids in instructional laboratories. This would apply to art and industrial art classrooms. Larger containers should be stored in an inside storage rooms meeting NFPA requirements. Storage amounts: A general recommendation is to store the minimum amounts of flammable and combustible liquids needed. Good practice would call for reordering several times per year rather than storing large amounts of flammable and combustible liquids on the premises (unless they are being stored in a proper storage room, as defined below). An inventory of chemicals presently being stored on the premises should be made and old materials and containers with small amounts of materials should be discarded in accordance with waste disposal regulations (see Chapter 10). OSHA specifies that a maximum of 25 gallons of Class IA liquids, and 120 gallons of Classes IB, IC, II or III combined, can be stored outside flammable storage cabinets or storage rooms, or in any one fire area. In addition, state and local fire regulations often specify the amounts of flammable and combustible liquids that can be stored in places of public assembly such as schools. As a matter of good practice, I recommend storing any appreciable amount of flammable and combustible liquids in approved flammable storage cabinets or inside storage rooms. Flammable storage cabinets: The purpose of a flammable storage cabinet is to prevent the contents from catching fire or exploding for at least ten minutes, in case of fire, in order to give personnel a chance to escape. A flammable storage cabinet meeting NFPA and OSHA requirements can contain a maximum of 60 gallons of Class I and II liquids combined, or 120 gallons of Class III liquids. It is crucial to ensure that all flammable storage cabinets are properly capped unless local regulations require venting. Inside storage rooms: NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, describes the requirements for inside storage rooms. These can include walls, floor and ceiling with a fire resistance rating of 2 hours, class B fire doors, automatic fire protection systems, explosion-proof wiring, a sill to contain spills, and mechanical ventilation (6 room air changes/hour), depending on the amount stored. If flammable liquids (Class I) are stored in this room, then explosion vents, and Class I, Division 2 electrical wiring and fixtures are required. Only flammable and combustible liquids should be stored in these rooms. Fire extinguishers: A Class B fire extinguisher of at least 12B rating should be located within 10-25 feet of where solvents are stored and less than 10 feet outside storage rooms. (See also the earlier discussion of portable fire extinguishers.) Handling of Flammable and Combustible Liquids Transfers from container to container: Areas where transfer of flammable or combustible liquids are transferred from one container to another must be separated from other operations by distance or walls with adequate fire resistance. When dispensing Class I (flammable) liquids from one container to another, the nozzle and container shall be electrically interconnected (bonded). Large containers (e.g. 5- and 55-gallon drums) should be grounded. With drums, dispensing pumps or faucets should be used. There shall be a method to control spills and adequate ventilation. Spill control methods could include drainage or spill control materials. (See also the Spills and Leaks section of Chapter 4.) Precautions at point of use: Cover all containers when not in use. Do not allow open flames or other sources of ignition within the possible path of vapor travel of flammable liquids. Have proper procedures for spill and leak control. Fire control measures: Install appropriate fire extinguishers and other fire control equipment. Ensure an adequate water supply for any fire control methods needing water. Properly maintain and inspect equipment. Electrical: Electrical equipment and wiring in the vicinity of flammable-vapor/air mixtures must meet the National Electrical Code standards. * In locations where flammable vapor-air mixtures may exist under normal conditions, electrical wiring must meet Class I Division 1 requirements of the National Electrical Code. (A Division 1 location is defined as 5 feet in all directions from all points of vapor liberation.) * In locations where flammable vapor-air mixtures may exist under abnormal conditions, electrical wiring must meet Class I Division 2 requirements of the National Electrical Code. (Division 2 locations are defined as 20 feet horizontally, and 3 feet vertically from Division 1 locations; and up to 3 feet above floor or grade level for a 25-foot distance from any pump or other device handling flammable liquids.) Housekeeping: Housekeeping must include procedures to contain leaks and accidental escape of flammable and combustible liquids. Spills must be cleaned up immediately, aisles kept clear, and combustible waste and residues kept to a minimum, stored in covered metal receptacles, and disposed of daily. See also the spills and leaks section of Chapter 4. Disposal: Waste solvents should be placed in proper solvent waste cans. Small amounts (less than a pint) could be allowed to evaporate in a hood. Solvent-soaked rags should be placed in self-closing oily waste cans which are emptied daily. Solvent-soaked rags can be allowed to dry in a manner similar to small amounts of solvents. Oily rags should also be placed in proper oily waste cans which are emptied every day. Oily rags should never be stored in a pile where heat can build up to cause a spontaneous combustion fire. This can also occur with rags soaked in turpentine, lithotine, or d-limonene. If oil- or solvent-soaked rags are recycled by a proper laundry service, then these rags are not considered hazardous waste. (See Chapter 10.) SPRAYING FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS The spraying of flammable and combustible liquids is strictly regulated because of the high risk of fire. OSHA regulations on spray finishing using flammable and combustible liquids are found in 29 CFR 1910.107. According to OSHA, a spraying area is "any area in which dangerous quantities of flammable vapors or mists or combustible residues are present due to operation of spraying operations". A spray booth is "a power-ventilated structure provided to enclose or accommodate a spraying operation to confine and limit the escape of spray vapor and residue and to safely conduct or direct them to an exhaust system". Spray booths: Requirements for spray booths, ducts, and fan motors include: * They may be constructed of aluminum or other substantially noncombustible materials for intermittent or low volume spraying; otherwise of steel or concrete masonry. * The interior must be smooth, and floors noncombustible or covered with a noncombustible material that is easily and safely cleaned. * Distribution or baffle plates must be noncombustible and removable. * There must be maintenance procedures to ensure replacement of dry type overspray filters when the booth face velocity drops below 100 feet/minute (fpm). Gauges must be installed as an alarm to indicate when the face velocity is inadequate due to filter overloading. The filters must be noncombustible or have a combustible rating less than 2, according to Underwriters Laboratory. Discarded filters must be removed or placed in water-filled metal containers. * There must be automatic sprinklers both up and downstream of the filters. * If the booth opening is greater than 9 square feet, then metal deflectors or curtains at least 2.5 inches long must be placed at the upper, outer edge of the spray booth. * The spray booth must be separated from other operations by at least 3 feet or by partitions or walls. * There must be a 3 foot clearance on all sides of the spray booth which is kept free of storage or combustible construction. * When spraying areas are illuminated through transparent panels, only fixed lighting sources can be used, the panels should isolate the spraying area from the lighting area, and the panels should be noncombustible and of such a material or located so that breakage is unlikely. The panels should be located so that any spray residue on the panels does not heat up to a dangerous temperature. Electrical and other sources of ignition: Electrical wiring and equipment in and around spraying areas must meet National Electrical Code requirements. * There shall be no open flames, spark-producing equipment or hot surfaces in any spraying area or within 20 feet, unless separated by partitions. * No space heaters, steam pipes or hot surfaces may be located in the spraying area where combustible residues may accumulate. * Unless approved, no electrical equipment may be located in any spraying area where combustible residues may accumulate except wiring in rigid conduit or in boxes or fittings containing no taps, splices or terminal connections. * Electrical wiring and equipment in spraying areas not subject to residue accumulation must be explosion-proof and be approved by the National Electrical Code for Class I Group D locations, and meet other requirements for Class I Division 1 Hazardous Locations. * Electrical equipment and wiring outside, but within 20 feet of a spraying area, must not produce sparks, and must meet requirements for Class I Division 2 Hazardous Locations. * Electric lamps outside the spraying area, but within 20 feet and not separated by a partition, must be totally enclosed, and protected from mechanical injury (ie shatterproof and in a safe location). * Portable lamps shall not be used during spraying, and must be approved for a Class I hazardous location for use during cleanup. * Spray guns and metal parts must be grounded. Ventilation: All spraying areas shall be provided with mechanical ventilation during spraying and drying to prevent fires and explosions. * Ventilation shall conform to NFPA 91-1967 and this section. * Multiple spray booths shall have independent exhaust unless they are using the same materials and having a combined face area less than 18 sq. ft. * Fan blades shall be nonferrous and non-sparking, and there shall be enough clearance between the blade and casing to prevent frictional heating. Bearings shall be self-lubricating or lubricated from outside the duct. * Electric motors shall not be inside the booth or ducts. * Exhaust ducts shall be made of steel, and protected against mechanical damage. There shall be at least 18 inches clearance from unprotected combustible structures around ducts (6 inches if ducts have a sprinkler system). * Except for water wash booths, the terminal discharge point of ducts shall be at least 6 feet away from any combustible exterior wall, and no combustible construction or unprotected opening within 25 feet. * The air exhaust shall not be directed so as to contaminate intake air and shall not be recirculated. * Ducts shall have access doors to facilitate cleaning. * There shall be adequate makeup air for the exhaust. * Drying areas shall be ventilated to prevent explosions and shall be considered spraying areas. Storage and handling: The storage and handling of flammable or combustible liquids to be sprayed must conform to OSHA regulations found in 29 CFR 1910.106 (see earlier discussion). * Only the minimum amount of flammable and combustible liquids ordinarily needed for one day's operation may be stored in the vicinity of a spraying operation. * Storage must be in original, closed containers or safety cans. * Transfer of flammable and combustible liquids must be done in suitable mixing area or in spraying area with ventilation system operating. Precautions must be taken against sparks and sources of ignition. Transfer from containers larger than 60 gallons must be done with pumps. * Spraying containers must meet certain standards. * Piping and hoses for spraying must have a shutoff valve at the connection, automatic pressure release for pumps, be properly bonded and grounded, and be regularly inspected. * Pump discharge line must have relief valve discharging to pump suction or a safe location. * There must be proper bonding and grounding when transferring from one container to another. Fire protection: Basic fire prevention requirements include: * If the building is sprinklered, the spraying area must conform to NFPA 13-1968 dealing with extra hazard occupancies. * Sprinkler heads must be kept clean. * Fire extinguishers must be located near all spraying areas. Operations and maintenance: Requirements include: * Spraying must occur only in predetermined spraying areas. * The spraying area must be kept clean of deposits, using non-sparking tools for cleaning. * Spraying residues must be immediately removed from premises. * Solvent- and paint-soaked rags must be kept in approved metal containers, which are emptied daily. * Clothing used in spraying must not be kept overnight on premises, except in metal lockers. * Cleaning solvents must have a flash point greater then 100ø F (i.e., combustible). For cleaning of spray nozzles and equipment, lower flash solvents may be used (but not lower than material being sprayed) if cleaning is done inside spray booth with ventilation in operation. * Incompatible materials shall not be alternately used in a spray booth without cleaning residue first. * No smoking signs shall be displayed in all spraying areas and paint storage rooms. * There are special requirements for electrostatic hand-spraying equipment [29 CFR 1910.107(i)]. COMPRESSED GASES Compressed gases are commonly used for welding and silver soldering. OSHA regulations for compressed gases are found in 29 CFR 1910.101, 1910.102, and 1910.104. Local fire departments may have stricter regulations. * Oxygen and acetylene are the most common types of compressed gases used in cutting and welding. Other gases in use may include argon, carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, or propane. * Only clearly labeled cylinders with hoses, valves and fittings in good condition should be used. * Oxygen and fuel gas cylinders should be stored at least 20 feet apart, or else with a 5 foot wall in between them that has a half-hour fire resistance rating. Preferably, storage should be outside. Indoor storage necessitates good ventilation * The temperature of the storage area should never exceed 130ø F. Cylinders should be kept far away from open flames (including welding and cutting torches), electric arcs, molten slag, sparks and radiators. Likewise, solar exposure can cause dangerous temperature levels in the cylinders. Cylinders should be stored 20 feet away from flammables storage (paint, solvents etc.). * Storage areas must be identified. Post "no smoking" signs. Cylinders should be stored away from elevators, stairs, doorways, and aisles. * Cylinders, regulators and other fittings should be kept clean of grease and oil contamination. * Never have free-standing compressed gas cylinders. Secure acetylene cylinders upright, even if they are empty. Separate full from empty cylinders to prevent accidental use of an empty gas cylinder which could result in backfeeding from the full cylinder. * Close valves of empty cylinders. These should be returned directly to the supplier. * Cylinder caps must be in place during moving. A hand cart should be used for transport. WELDING, CUTTING AND BRAZING Welding, cutting and brazing involve both fire and health hazards. OSHA regulations that cover these operations are found in 29 CFR 1910.251-254. Fire departments also often regulate welding operations. Only fire hazards are discussed here. * Areas designated for welding and cutting operations should be free of flammable or combustible gases, liquids or vapors. If this is impossible, then these materials must be shielded from heat or sparks. Welding in the vicinity of painting operations can also create fire and health hazards to others in the area, as well as to welders. Fire extinguishing equipment must be available and maintained. * Those working in welding and cutting must be trained in the safe operation of the equipment. I recommend that at least one welder should be certified by the American Welding Society. All manufacturer printed rules about equipment must be posted and heeded. * A general statement of fire prevention precautions is found in 29 CFR 1910.252(d)(2)(xv): "Cutting or welding shall be permitted only in areas that are or have been made fire safe. Within the confines of an operating plant or building, cutting and welding should preferably be done in a specific area designated for such work, such as a maintenance shop or a detached outside location. Such areas should be of noncombustible or fire-resistant construction, essentially free of combustible and flammable contents, and suitably segregated from adjacent areas. When work cannot be moved practically as in most construction sites, the area shall be made safe by removing combustibles or protecting combustibles from ignition sources." * Welding must be separate from combustible materials which could be exposed to sparks flying through open doors, windows, cracks in walls or floors. Walls, floors, and all furnishings should be non-combustible or furnished with fire resistant shields or guards. Floors with combustible shavings or sawdust should be swept clean for 35 feet. Combustibles within 35 feet must be removed or protected with flameproof coverings or metal shields. * Welding, cutting, brazing, or hot work may be done only on materials that are thoroughly cleaned of any flammable or combustible material. * Goggles, or helmets with eye protection, and hand shields must be used during welding and cutting. Arc welders should wear clean fire-resistent gloves and closed long-sleeved clothing. * Individuals in nearby areas must likewise be protected, or shielded from heat, sparks, and ultraviolet rays. * Gas cylinders must be stored according to the regulations stated in the section on Compressed Gases. Acetylene must not be stored at a pressure greater than 15 psi gauge or 30 psi absolute, since above this pressure, acetylene may become unstable. Indoor storage of fuel gas may not exceed 2,000 cubic feet or 300 pounds. * The welding machine for electric arc welding must be kept dry during use. * Welding cables should be spread out during work, and neatly stored afterwards. The ground lead must be attached securely to the work. Any damaged cable must be replaced. There should be regular inspection of cable. * Connectors between ground and electrode cables must be specifically designed for that purpose. Spliced cables should never be within ten feet of the operator. Welders should never coil cables around their bodies. Electrode holders not in use should be stored separate from conductive objects. REFERENCES 1. Babin, A., and McCann, M. (1989). Fire Prevention. Center for Safety in the Arts, New York, NY. * 2. McCann, M. (1992). Artist Beware. 2nd ed., Lyons and Burford Publishers, New York, NY. * 3. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA NFPA 10-1988. Portable Fire Extinguishers. NFPA 13-1969. Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. NFPA 30-1987. Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. NFPA 45-1986. Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals. NFPA 51B-1962. Standard for Fire Prevention in Use of Welding and Cutting Operations. NFPA 70-1987. National Electrical Code. 4. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Occupational Safety and Health Standards 29 CFR 1910. U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC. 1910.38 Employee emergency plans and fire prevention plans 1910.157 Portable fire extinguishers 1910.106 Flammable and combustible liquids 1910.107 Spray finishing using flammable and combustible liquids 1910.101 Compressed gases (general requirements) 1910.102 Acetylene 1910.104 Oxygen 1910.251-254 Welding, cutting and brazing.