The
Overall
research interests:
Health behavior, coping and adaptation in chronic
disease, adherence to medication and treatment regimens.
Alcohol and drug use and health behavior.
HIV prevention among infected / non-infected men and
women.
Cognitive & Social Psychological models of health
& risk behavior; cognitive “escape” theories of risk.
Psychosocial
and general health issues among gay / lesbian / bisexual / transgendered
populations.
Teaching
Interests:
Research
methods: politics, society, and empirical design. Click for introduction to
research course.
Health psychology & behavior. Click for health behavior web
site.
Psychosocial and cultural factors in alcohol and drug
use.
Behavioral
intervention and prevention research
Theory in social sciences.
Abstracts of on-going research projects:
Clinical
trial of The Treatment Advocacy Program, a coping-skills intervention
for treatment adherence and sexual safety among HIV infected Men who have Sex
with Men (MSM). Click here..
Designing
and evaluating a community-based prevention program for African-American, Latino,
and White MSM who are sexually risk in the context of alcohol and drug use. Click for abstract
Misc. Papers
on substance use and health behavior among gay/bisexual men:
Review & theory of cognitive escape, substance use
& sexual risk; PDF file.
Recent paper on cognitive escape, drug use and sexual
risk among African-American & White MSMs; abstract full text.
Commentary on alcohol and drug use in the gay
community.
Is the Web the Culprit?
Cognitive Escape and Internet Sexual risk among Gay and Bisexual Men Here.
Elevated Risk for Tobacco
Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Is Mediated by Demographic and Psychosocial
Variables Here.
Personal Interests
Desert & Mountain hiking / backpacking, biking,
sculptural and lighted-object art. See: http://borregodeserthouse.com/
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CURRICULUM VITA July, 2006
Name David J. McKirnan Date of Birth
Addresses The
1007 W. Harrison,
voice:
voice:
2057 N. Magnolia,
Education
1973
B.A. (psychology),
1978 Ph.D. (Clinical and Social Psychology),
Academic Awards
1973 Elected
to Sigma Chi National Psychology Honorary Society.
1978 Dean's
list for Doctoral dissertation,
Professional Experience
Teaching Positions
1972_1973 Teaching
Assistant,
1973_1978 Teaching
Associate,
1978-1984 Assistant Professor, The
1985-Present Associate
Professor, The
Clinical Positions
1975-1977 Guidance
Counselor, Concordia University Guidance Department,
1976-1977 Psychologist,
Mental Health Section,
1978-1987 Clinical
Supervisor, The Office of Applied Psychological
Services, The
1988-1994 Director,
The Office of Applied Psychological Services, The
1994-1998 Intervention
development, training and supervision, VaxGen AIDSVAX
Trial 004 HIV risk Reduction Counseling Program & HIV Infected Cohort Risk
Reduction Intervention.
2001-present Intervention
development, training and supervision, The Treatment Advocacy Program,
Previous Research Positions & Investigatorships
1979-1982 Principal Investigator:
"The identification of alcohol Abuse in Three Chicago
Communities." Funded
by The National Institute of Mental Health.
1983-1986 Principal
Investigator: "Substance abuse and
AIDS-risk Behavior Among Homosexuals." Funded by The
Alcohol Beverage Medical Research Foundation and The National Institute of
Mental Health
1987-1990 Director of
1990-1992 Principal
Investigator,
1991-1995 Principal
Investigator, AIDS-Related Behavior Among Bisexually
Active African-American, Hispanic, and white Younger Men. The Centers for Disease
Control.
1992-1995 Principal
Investigator, CDC Collaborative HIV Sero-Incidence Study (Conducted at
1994-1996 Site
Principal Investigator, HIVNET Cohort Study and AVEG-HIVNET HIV preventive
vaccine trial, (
1995-1999 Co-Principal
Investigator, Prevention of Substance Related High Risk Behavior (
1997-2003 Co-Investigator, VaxGen 004 AIDSVAX HIV vaccine trial,
1999-2004 Principal
Investigator,
1996-2004 HIVNET Project
EXPLORE. Principal
Investigator,
1996-1998 Chicago
Gay/Lesbian Community Survey Project. Co-Investigator,
1996 to 1998 (PI; D. Ostrow), Principal Investigator,
1999 to 2001, National Institute of Mental Health, 1996 & 1997, City of
1997-1998 HIVNET
014 HIV Vaccine Trial. Co-Investigator,
National Institute of and Allergic and Infectious Diseases /
contract.
1998-2000 VAX004
HIV Vaccine Trial. Co-Investigator,
VaxGen Corp. and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
/ Contract.
1999-2003 Collaborative
studies of HIV-vaccine related behavior. Principal Investigator,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
2000-2002 Cognitive
Neuropsychology of HIV and MDMA Abuse,
Co-Investigator, (PI; E. Martin, UIC Psychiatry), National Institute on Drug
Abuse.
2001-2003 Assessment of
“Club” drug use and self-reports among Gay/Bisexual men. Co-Investigator (PI; M. Fendrich, UIC Psychiatry), National Institute on Drug
abuse.
Current Research
Investigatorships.
Primary Care Based Approach to Coping with HIV. Study period: 8/01 - 9/06. Principal Investigator, 25%
effort, at
Preventing Drug-Related Sexual
Risk among MSM. Study period: 9/02 - 9/07. Principal Investigator, 25%
effort. Agency / type: CDC,
contract, $300-500k/year. Randomized
controlled trial of sexual safety preventive intervention for HIV-negative or
-positive gay/bisexual who are risky in the context of alcohol or drug use.
HIV Prevention in Treatment
Settings. Study
period: 7/03 – 7/07. Co-Investigator, Nancy Glick,
Evaluating the Use of Tenofovir
Disoproxil Fumarate (DF)
and Emtricitabine (FTC) as an “easy” Post-Exposure
Prophylaxis (ePEP) Following a High-Risk Sexual Exposure to HIV. Study period: 9/03 – 9/05. Co-Investigator, Cathy Creticos of Howard Brown Health Center PI., 5% effort, at
HIV
and the Sexual Networks of IDUs and Drug-Using MSM. Study
period:
Teaching Experience
Personality theory,
psychopathology, advanced social psychology.
The sociology/social psychology of
deviance.
Basic and advanced research design
and method.
Research in behavioral intervention
outcomes.
Social psychological variables in alcohol and drug use/abuse
and health related behavior.
Health behavior; prevention of social
and HIV-related sexual risk behavior.
Professional Review Activities
Ad-hoc study sections:
National Institute on Mental Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National
Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Addictive Behaviors
AIDS Care
AIDS Education and Prevention
AIDS and Behavior
AIDS Research and Human Retrovirology
American Psychologist
American Journal of Public Health
American Journal of Community Psychology
European Journal of Social Psychology
Health Psychology
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Journal
of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
Journal of Applied Psycholinguistics
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Journal of Studies on
Alcohol
Psychology and Health
Substance Use and Misuse.
Social Science and Medicine
Urban Health
Professional Organization
Memberships
American Psychological Association
Society of Psychologists in Substance Abuse
American Psychological Science
Research Publications
McKirnan, D. J. (1977). A community
approach to the recognition of alcohol abuse: The drinking norms of three
McKirnan, D. J. (1978). Deviance and
the community: Some factors in the definition of alcohol abuse. American Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 219_238.
Taylor, D. M. & McKirnan, D. J. (1979). Cultural insecurity, Multiculturalism and ethnic attitudes. Canadian Journal of Ethnic
Studies, 11, 19_30.
Giles, H., Llado, N.,
McKirnan, D.J. & Taylor, D.M. (1979). Social identity in
McKirnan, D. J. (1980). The
identification of deviance: A conceptualization and an initial test of a model of
social norms. European Journal of Social Psychology,
10, 75_93.
McKirnan, D. J. (1980). The second
McKirnan, D. J. (1980). Community
differences in conceptions of deviant behavior: An exploratory study of
attitudes toward alcohol related help
sources. American
Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 637_654.
McKirnan,
D. J. & Hamayan, E. V. (1980). Language norms and perceptions of ethno_linguistic group diversity. In H. Giles (Ed.), Language, Social Psychological
Perspectives.
McKirnan, D. J. (1981). The
recognition of alcohol abuse: Socio_economic status differences
in social norms. In D. Taylor & J.
Bellerose (Eds.),
Social Psychology: A Cognitive _ Group Approach.
Taylor, D. M. & McKirnan, D. J. (1981). A stage model
of intergroup conflict and change. In D. Taylor & J. Bellerose (Eds.),
Social Psychology: A Cognitive__Group
Approach.
McKirnan, D. J. (1983). Review of R. Scollon & S. B. K. Scollon,
Narrative, Literacy
and Face in Inter-ethnic Communication.
Applied Psycholinguistics, 4, 93_98.
McKirnan,
D. J., Smith, C. & Hamayan, E. V. (1983). A sociolinguistic approach to the belief_similarity
model of racial attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 434_447.
McKirnan, D. J. (1983). Review of C.
Fraser & K. R. Scherer (Eds.), Advances in the Social
Psychology of Language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 4 (4).
McKirnan,
D.J. (1984). The identification of
alcohol problems: Socio_economic
status differences in social norms and causal attributions. American Journal of
Community Psychology, 12, 465_484.
McKirnan, D.J. & Hamayan,
E.V. (1984). Social norms and perceptions of ethno_linguistic diversity:
Toward a conceptual and research framework. European Journal of Social
Psychology, 14, 161_168.
McKirnan, D.J. & Hamayan,
E.V. (1984). Social norms and attitudes toward outgroup members: A
test of a model in a bicultural context.
Journal of Social Psychology and Language, 3(1),
21_38.
Ruderman, A. & McKirnan, D.J. (1985). The
development of a restrained drinking scale:
A test of the abstinence violation effect among alcohol users. Addictive Behaviors, 9,
365_371.
McKirnan,
D.J. (1985). Alcoholism. Medical and Health Annual. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc,
McKirnan,
D.J. (1985). Review of: Alcohol, Drug abuse and Aggression, E. Gottheil et al. (Ed.), Contemporary Psychology, 30(3),
189_191.
Taylor, D.M. & McKirnan, D.J. (1985). A five_stage model of intergroup
change. British Journal of Social
and Clinical Psychology, 23, 291-300.
McKirnan, D.J. & Johnson, T. (1986). Alcohol and
Drug Use Among "Street" Adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 11,
201_205.
Stokes, J. P., & McKirnan, D. J. (1989). Affect and the
social environment: The role of social support in depression and anxiety. Kendall, Philip C (Ed); Watson, David (Ed). (1989). Anxiety
and depression: Distinctive and overlapping features.
McKirnan, D.J. & Peterson, P.L. (1988). Stress,
expectancies, and vulnerability to substance abuse: A test of a model among
homosexual males. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 97, 461-466.
McKirnan, D.J. & Peterson, P.L. (1989). Alcohol and Drug
Use Among Homosexual Men and Women: Epidemiology and Population
Characteristics. Addictive Behaviors,
14, 545-553.
McKirnan,
D. J. & Peterson, P.L. (1989).
Psychosocial and Cultural Factors in Alcohol and Drug Abuse: An Analysis
of a Homosexual Community. Addictive
Behaviors, 14, 555-563.
McKirnan, D.J. & Peterson, P.L. (1989). AIDS-Risk
Behavior Among Homosexual Males: The Role of Attitudes and Substance
Abuse. Psychology and Health, 3,
161-171.
Peterson, P.L., Ostrow,
D.G., & McKirnan, D.J. (1991). Behavioral interventions
for the primary prevention of HIV infection among homosexual and bisexual men. Journal of Primary Prevention, 12, 19-34.
McKirnan, D.J. & Peterson, P.L (1992). Gay and
lesbian alcohol use: Epidemiological and psychosocial perspectives. Research on Alcohol and Other Drug Problem
Prevention Among Lesbians and Gay Men,
Stokes, J. P., McKirnan, D. J., & Burzette, R. G. (1993). Sexual behavior, condom use,
disclosure of sexuality, and stability of sexual orientation in bisexual men.
Journal of Sex Research Vol 30(3) Aug 1993, 203-213.
Stokes, J. P., & McKirnan,
D. J. (1993). Estimating
the prevalence of homosexual behavior. Family Planning Perspectives, 25(4), 184-186.
Doll,
L.S., Harrison, J.S., Frey, R.L., McKirnan, D.J., Barthelow,
B.N., Douglas, J.M., Joy, D., Bolen, G., & Doetsch,
J. (1994). Failure to Disclose HIV Risk
to Clinic Staff Among Gay and Bisexual Men Attending
STD Clinics. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 10(3), 125-129.
Bartholow, B. N., Doll, L. S., Joy, D., Douglas, J. M., Jr.,
Bolan, G., Harrison, J. S., et al. (1994). Emotional,
behavioral, and HIV risksssociated with sexual abuse
among adult homosexual and bisexual men. Child Abuse Negl, 18(9), 747-761.
McKirnan,
D.J., Doetsch, J., Vanable, P., Buchbinder,
S., Douglas, J., & Judson, F. (1994) Developing Brief Valid Screening
Instruments for HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behavior Among Gay and Bisexual Men.
AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 10(2), 81-83.
MacQueen KM, Buchbinder S, Douglas
JM, Judson FN, McKirnan DJ, Bartholow B. (1994). The decision
to enroll in HIV vaccine efficacy trials: Concerns elicited form gay men at
increased risk for HIV infection. AIDS
Res Hum Retroviruses, 10:S261-4.
Douglas
JM, Judson FN, Parks JP, Buchbinder SP, McKirnan
DJ. Participation of homosexual/bisexual
men in preventive HIV vaccine trials:
Baseline attitudes and concerns and predicted behaviors during
trials. AIDS Rres
Hum Retrovirol 1994;10:S257-S260.
McKirnan, D.J., Stokes, J.P., Doll, L., & Burzette, R.G. (1995). Bisexually active men: Social
characteristics and sexual behavior. Journal
of Sex Research, 32, 64-75.
McKirnan, D.J., Ostrow,
D.G., & Hope, B. (1996). Sex, drugs, and escape: A psychological model
of HIV risk behavior. AIDS Care, 8(6),
655-669.
Buchbinder, S. P., Douglas, J. M., Jr., McKirnan, D. J., Judson,
F. N., Katz, M. H., & MacQueen, K. M. (1996). Feasibility of human immunodeficiency virus vaccine
trials in homosexual men in the
Stokes, J. P., Taywaditep,
K., Vanable, P., & McKirnan, D. J. (1996). Bisexual men, sexual behavior, and
HIV/AIDS. Firestein, Beth A (Ed). (1996).
Bisexuality: The psychology and politics of an invisible minority.(Peterson et al.,
2001; Raja & Stokes, 1998; Stokes et
al., 1997a; Stokes et al., 1993;
Stokes et al., 1996a; Stokes et al., 1998, 2002; Stokes et al., 1996b; Stokes et al., 1997b; Stokes et al., 1996c)
Hennessy,
M., MacQueen, K.M., McKirnan, D.J., Buchbinder, S., Judson, F., Douglas, J., Bartholow, B., & Sheon, A.
(1996). A Factorial
Survey Study to Assess the Acceptability of HIV Vaccine Trial Designs. Controlled Clinical Trials
17(3):209_220.
MacQueen,
K.M., Buchbinder, S.,
Douglas, J., Judson, F., McKirnan, D.J., & Bartholow,
B. (1996). Required HIV Antibody
Testing, Social Risk, and HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials. AIDS and Public Policy
Journal 11(2):87_95.
Stokes, J. P., McKirnan, D. J., Doll, L, & Burzette, R. G. (1996, June). Female partners of bisexual men: What they don't know
might hurt them. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 267-284.
Stokes, J.P., Vanable, P.V., & McKirnan, D.J.
(1996). Ethnic differences in
sexual behavior, condom use, and psychosocial variables among Black and White
men who have sex with men. The
Journal of Sex Research, 33(4), 373-381.
Bartholow
BN, MacQueen KM, Douglas JMJ, Buchbinder
S, McKirnan D, Judson FN. Assessment of the changing willingness to participate
in phase III HIV vaccine trials among men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997,16:108-115.
Ostrow,
D.G. & McKirnan, D.J (1997) Prevention of substance-related high risk
sexual behavior among gay men: Critical review of the literature and proposed
harm reduction approach. Journal of the
Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 1(2), 97-110.
Stokes, J.P., Vanable, P., & McKirnan, D.J.
(1997). Comparing gay and bisexual men on sexual
behavior, condom use, and psychosocial variables related to HIV/AIDS. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 26(4), 377-390.
Stokes, J. P., Damon, W., & McKirnan, D. J.
(1997). Predictors of movement
toward homosexuality: A longitudinal study of bisexual men. Journal of Sex Research Vol
34(3) 1997, 304-312.
Ostrow,
D.G. & McKirnan, D.J (1997) Prevention of substance-related high risk
sexual behavior among gay men: Critical review of the literature and proposed harm
reduction approach. Journal of the Gay
and Lesbian Medical Association, 1(2), 97-110.
Bartholow, B. N., MacQueen, K. M.,
Douglas, J. M., Jr., Buchbinder, S., McKirnan, D.,
& Judson, F. N. (1997). Assessment of the changing willingness to participate in phase III
HIV vaccine trials among men who have sex with men. Journal of Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, 16(2), 108-115.
Vanable, P.A., McKirnan, D.J., & Stokes, J.P.
(1998). Identification and involvement with the gay
community scale. In
Ostrow, D.G., McKirnan, D.J., Klein, C., & DiFranceisco, W. (1999). Patterns and
Correlates of risky behavior among HIV+ gay men: Are they really different from
HIV- Men? AIDS and Behavior, 3(2),
99-110.
Vittinghoff,
E., Douglas, J., Judson, F., McKirnan, D.J., MacQueen,
K., & Buchbinder, S. (1999). Per-contact risk of human
immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sex partners. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150(3),
1-6.
Scheer, S., Douglas, J. M., Jr., Vittinghoff, E., Bartholow, B.
N., McKirnan, D., Judson, F. N., et al. (1999). Feasibility and suitability of
targeting young gay men for HIV vaccine efficacy trials. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 20(2),
172-178.
Ostrow, D., Vanable, P.V., McKirnan, D.J., & Brown, L.
(1999). Hepatitis and HIV risk among drug-using men
who have sex with men: Demonstration of Hart’s Law of inverse access and
application to HIV. Journal of the Gay
and Lesbian Medical Association, 3(4), 127-136
Vanable, P.V., Ostrow, D.G.,
McKirnan, D.J., Tayawaditep, J., & Hope, B.A.
(2000). Impact of combination
therapies on HIV risk perceptions and sexual risk among HIV-positive and
HIV-negative gay and bisexual men.
Health Psychology, 19(2), 1-12.
Woody. G., VanEtten, M., McKirnan, D., Donnell, D., Metzger, D., Seage, G., & Gross, M. (2001). Substance use among men who have sex with
men: Comparison with the national household survey. JAIDS: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndromes, 27: 86-90.
McKirnan, D.J., Vanable, P.V., Ostrow,
D.G., & Hope, B. (2001). Expectancies of “escape”
and sexual risk among drug and alcohol-involved gay and bisexual men. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13, 137-154.
Seage G., Holte S.E., Metzger,
D., Koblin, B.A., Gross, M., Celum,
C., Marmor, M., Woody, G., Mayer, K.H., Stevens, C.,
Judson, F.N., McKirnan, D.J., Sheon, A., Self, S,
& Buchbinder, S.P. (2001). Are
McKirnan,
D.J.(2001).
Substance misuse and the gay community: Stall et al. (2001) and next
questions. Invited
commentary, Addiction, 96, 1855-1865.
Belshe RB, Stevens C, Gorse GJ, Buchbinder S, Weinhold K,
Sheppard H, Stablein D, Self S, McNamara J, Frey S,
Flores J, Excler JL, Klein M, Habib
RE, Duliege AM, Harro C,
Corey L, Keefer M, Mulligan M, Wright P, Celum C,
Judson F, Mayer K, McKirnan D, Marmor M, Woody G;
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Vaccine Evaluation
Group and HIV Network for Prevention Trials (HIVNET). (2001). Safety and immunogenicity of a canarypox-vectored human immunodeficiency virus Type 1
vaccine with or without gp120: a phase 2 study in higher- and lower-risk
volunteers. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 183(9),1343-52.
Johnsen,
L., Spring, B., Pingitore,
R., Sommerfeld, B.K., McKirnan, D. (2002). Smoking as subculture? Influence on Hispanic and
non-Hispanic White women's attitudes toward smoking and obesity. Health Psychology, 21(3).
279-287.
Renzi, C.,
Vanable,
P., Ostrow, D.G., & McKirnan, D.J. (2003). Viral load and
HIV treatment
attitudes as correlates of sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive gay
men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research,
54, 263-269.
Crawford,
Vanable,
P., Ostrow, D.G., & McKirnan, D.J. (2003). Viral load and
HIV treatment
attitudes as correlates of sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive gay
men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research,
54, 263-269.
Koblin, B.K, Chesney, M., Husnik, M.,
Chesney,
M., Koblin, B., Barresi, P., Husnik, M., Celum, C., Buchbinder,
P., Mayer, K., McKirnan, D.J., Judson, F., Coates, T.J., And
the EXPLORE Study Team (2003). A behavioral intervention for men who have sex
with men: Baseline data from the EXPLORE Study. American Journal of
Public Health, 93, 933-938.
EXPLORE
Study Team (2004). Effects of a behavioural
intervention to reduce acquisition of HIV infection among men who have sex with
men: The EXPLORE randomised controlled study. Lancet, 364, 41-50.
Vanable, P.A., Mckirnan, D.J., Buchbinder,
S.B., Barthelow, B.,
Buchbinder, s., Vittinghoff,
E., Heagerty, P. , Celum, C., Seage, G., Judson, F.,
McKirnan, D., Mayer, K., Koblin, B. (2005). Sexual risk, nitrite inhalant use and lack of
circumcision associated with HIV seroconversion in men who have sex with men in
the
Guest,
G., Mclellan-Lemal,, L.E., Matia, D.M., Pickard, R., Fuchs, J., McKirnan, D. & Neidig, J.L
(2005). HIV vaccine efficacy
trial participation: Men who have sex with men’s experiences of risk reduction counselling and perceptions of risk behaviour
change. AIDS CARE, 17 (1), 46-/57.
Picciana,
J., Celum, C., Whittington, W., Buchbinder,
S., Barthelow, B., McKirnan, D., Mayer, K.,
Picciana,
J., Whittington, W., Morris, M Buchbinder, S.,
McKirnan, D., Mayer, K
Colfax, G., Buchbinder, S., Vamshidar, S., Celum, C.,
McKirnan, D., Neidig, J., Barthelow,
B.
(2005). Motivations for trial participation and risk
behavior among participants in an HIV vaccine efficacy trial, JAIDS, 39(3),
359-364.
Tolou-Shams, M., Paikoff,
R., McKirnan, D.J., Holmbeck, G.N. (2005). Mental Health
and HIV Risk among African American Adolescents: The Role of Parenting. Social Work and Mental
Health, 5(1).
McKirnan, D.J., Tolou-Shams, M., Turner, L., Dyslin, K. & Hope, B. (2006). Elevated Risk
for Tobacco Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Is Mediated by Demographic and
Psychosocial Variables. Substance Use and Misuse, 41(8), 1197 - 1208.
McKirnan, D.J.,
.
Papers
Presented at Professional Meetings
Not
listed: Over 75 papers / posters presented to professional meetings or
conferences from 1975 to present, including international Conferences on AIDS,
Society for Behavioral medicine, American Psychological Association, NIMH,
NIAID, NIAAA and CDC working groups.