Applications of Countercurrent Technology

1. Compounds Classes & Solvent Systems

Recently, Dr. Ito has published a paper that contains a comprehensive Table of CCC solvent systems with references to the separated chemical entities, many of them being natural products (Ito, 2005). In a similar vein, the book by K.+M. Hostettemann and A. Marston also contains a tabular compilation of solvent systems reported in the literature for various natural products separations (Hostettmen at al., 1998).

Literature Cited

Hostettmann, Kurt; Hostettmann, Mareike; Marston, Andrew. Preparative chromatography techniques: Applications in natural product isolation; 2nd ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin; New York, 1998.

Ito, Yoichiro. Golden rules and pitfalls in selecting optimum conditions for high-speed counter-current chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, A 2005, 1065, 145-168.

2. G.U.E.S.S. & Other Methods For Solvent System Selection

The Generally Usefull Estimation of Solvent Systems (G.U.E.S.S.) in CCC was developed by Friesen & Pauli and first presented at the CCC 2004 conference in Tokyo. G.U.E.S.S. takes the use of thin-layer chromatography in the prediction of CCC solvent systems to a new level and simplifies the otherwise tedious optimization of CCC conditions.

• General introduction into the G.U.E.S.S. method in the format of a movie presentation authored by Brent Friesen
• Article on CCC Solvent System Selection by Friesen & Pauli
  • Pdf file "Solvent Selection in Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC)"

Literature Cited

Friesen, B.; Pauli, G. F. G.U.E.S.S. to make generally useful estimations of solvent systems in CCC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2005, 28, in press.

3. Separation Modes

The different types of CCC separation can be found under CCC experiments.

• Single mode
• Dual mode
• Gradient mode
• Elution extrusion mode
• pH zone refining

4. Chiral Separations

..under construction...please bear with us!