HYDROCARBONS

GLOBAL : Bi. TONS/YEAR ; methane = l.6, terpenes =0.17,

anthrapogenic=0.09 (U.S.A. 0.03)

Transportation 54 %; gasoline 40, petroleum transfer 9, refinery waste 7 %).

Solvent evaporation 11 %

Incineration 28 %

Industrial/urban remaining

terpenes= -pinenes, myroconene, d-limonene, camphene,

isoprene,n-heptene, etc.

U.S.A. > 29 mi tons/yr

Transportation: CH ,C H , C H ,C H ,HCHO, CH CHO, 9 mi tons propionaldehyde, benzyldehyde, acetone,acrolein, unburnt HCs
 

Incineration: methane, benzene, toluene, ethane, HCHO, CH CHO, HCOOH, CH COOH;palmitic, oleic, palmitoleic, ethyl acetate, ethyl stearate, acetone, caronene, fluoranthene, BaP, BeP, BaA, pyrene, CCl O

Solvents : naphtha, aromatics, alcohols,ketones, 7 mi tons HCs
 

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Unsaturated: these are volatile. You may experience their release from plants in countryside and forests, as well as indoor from tobacco smoke as well as domestic fires including cooking. These are gases or liquids and generally cause anesthetic effects at high concentrations. Their epoxides and peroxides may be carcinogenic.

Saturated: these amount to 20-60% of urban air pollutants and result from combustion. Among these 10-16 carbon long are carcinogenic while higher members may inhibit cancer.

Aliphatic alcohols: ethanol, butanol, methanol. In paints, varnishes, resins, lacquer, dyes, gums, plastics, enamel, stains, films, chemical intermediates, solvents.

Stoddard solvent: aliphatic HC + benzene + naphthene derivatives for degreasing, as paint thinners

Glycols: heat exchangers, antifreeze, hydraulic fluid, intermediates, solvents for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, pharmaceuticals, food additives, cosmetics, inks, lacquers.

Glycol ethers: oil-water combination situations, solvents

Aromatic: benzene, naphthalene; commonly used as solvents in plastics and manufacture of other chemicals

PAH: result from organic combustion; pyrolysis temperature determines the pyrosynthesis of PAH as well as their alkylation. These are present in soot, coal tar, tobacco smoke, gasoline, cutting oils, butiminous coal, molds. Cigarette smoke produces indane, indene, and their alkylated derivatives as well as BaP, fluoranthene, benzfluorenthene, dibenzanthracene, anthracene, pyrene, methylpyrene, benzfluoromethane, benzanthracene, methylcholanthrene.

Urban air contains BaP, BbF, BjF, polycyclic azo- and imino-heterocyclics, polycyclic carbonyls (epoxides, peroxides, lactones, alkylated PAH). Their sources are produced during heat and power generation, coke production, incineration, industrial processes, auto emissions, forest & other fires. 5-10% of urban and 18% of freeway PAH come from auto emissions; 42% of suburban PAH are from auto emissions. Of the 9 PAH, BaP amounts to 5-20% of total PAH. 4- to 6-ring PAH and alkylated derivatives are carcinogenic.

USA: BaP = 1400 tons/yr (residential heating for 80% BaP); others are BaA, chrysone, BeP. BaP is a lung carcinogen. High concentrations in winter.

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS 20-65 % of urban air pollutants
combustion:gasoline, diesel,
paraffins partially cracked or pyrolized
n-alkanes: 16-36 carbon
C-10-16: promote tumors
-C-30 inhibit tumors
photolysis may increase beyond C-20

UNSATURATED HCs volatile
country side: plants, forests( terpenes,pinenes, myrecenes)
indoor: tobacco, wood, grilling,heating
epoxides & peroxides: tumorogenic

AROMATIC HCs benzene, naphthalene & derivatives
autoexhaust
organic combustion: 600 C: alkylated
some tumorogenic
PAH soot, coaltar, tobacco smoke, gasoline, 500- 800 C, -20% water cutting oil, bituminous coal( BaA) molds(aflatoxins)
Cig.smoke: indane, indene & alkylated derivatives,
methylfluoranthenes, fluoranthene,DBA
Caronene : l-methylpyrne, BaP, anthracene, pyrene,
methylpyrene, benzfluoromethane
Others : indene, pyrene, BAA, MC

Halogenated

Alkyl: solvents. USA produces 6 million tons/yr. Chlorethanes= 2.1, tetrachloroethylene= 0.7, trichloroethylene=0.3, carbon tetrachloride= 0.5, chloroform= 0.35, ethylene dibromide= 0.28. Vinyl chloride in the synthesis of PVC= 6-12. CFCs =0.12 (wold=>1.0.

Aryl: pesticides= 0.7; PCBs: 1960-1977= 900 (+world=1000) Polyaromatics: PCBs, PBBs, naphthales, dioxins, dibenzofurans, terphenyls

See more information under Chlorinated hydrocarbons
 

CHLORINATED ORGANICS PRODUCED IN USA IN 1978
 ________________________________________________________
Chemical group                                                               mi. tons
_________________________________________________________
ALIPHATICS
Vinyl chloride                                                                        6-12
Chloroethanes                                                                        2.1
Tetrachloroethylene                                                                0.7
Trichloroethylkene                                                                  0.3
Carbon tetrachloride                                                               0.5
Chloroform                                                                            0.35
Ethylene dibromide                                                                0.28
Chlorofluorocarbons                                                              0.12 (World= > 1.0)
Chlorination of water                                                               ?

AROMATICS
PCBs                                                     85 (1960-77= 0.9 billion tons total,   world= 1 bi tons))
Chlorinated pesticides                                                             0.40
___________________________________________________________________________

Terpenes= a- & b-pinenes, myroconene, d-limonene, camphene, isoprene, n-heptene, etc.

USA = > 29 mi tons/yr Transportation: 9 mi tons Incineration: methane, benzene, toluene, ethane, HCHO, acetaldehyde, HCOOH, acetic acid, fatty acids, ethyl acetate, ethyl stearate, acetone, caronene, fluoranthene, BaP, BeP, pyrene, CCl2O Solvents= 7 mi tons: naphtha, aromatics, alcohols, ketones, alcohols, other HCs