EDPSY 582A, Fall, 1999
Wednesdays 2:00-4:20 pm, Miller 104
Instructor: Dr. Theresa
A. Thorkildsen
Office: Miller 322 N, Hours: Before class and
by appointment
Phone: 221-3036 (office), E-mail: thork@u.washington.edu
Purpose
Exploring a wide range of tensions that exist in urban contexts, participants
in this course will collaborate to construct a sense of how intra- and
inter-personal differences should be treated in urban schools. We will
start by exploring the child’s sense of self and move to how this is connected
to their understanding of family, peers, school, and society. We will explore
issues like:
Thought papers (semi-structured writing assignments) will be assigned at various points in the semester. Instructions for each assignment will be given in class. More information about these tasks will be provided as we go.
Each student will also complete a final project. Early in the semester everyone will be asked to select an ethnic group they do not have direct experience with and propose a plan for developing a richer understanding of the how such individuals see themselves and their social worlds.
We will be working to construct
a general working model for organizing our research and for representing
the major conclusions we draw about social development in urban contexts.
Therefore, it is students’ responsibility to volunteer information about
how their project relates to the general model, ask for assistance from
the group, and give us an indication of interesting experiences and findings
they might have.
| Dates | Topics | Suggested Readings |
| Sept. 29th | Developing a Sense of Context | Brown, Kotlowitz, Bing |
| Oct. 6th | How Valid is the Research? | Washington & McLoyd; McLoyd & Randolph; Spencer & Dornbusch; Fisher et al. |
| Oct. 13th | The Developing Sense of Self | Spencer & Markstrom-Adams, Cross |
| Oct. 20th | The Developing Sense of Difference | Aboud, Tatum |
| Oct. 27th | Youth and Families | Huston |
| Nov. 3rd | Youth and Peers | Cairns & Cairns |
| Nov. 10th | Youth and Schooling: Factors Influencing Achievement | Spencer & Dornbusch |
| Nov. 17th | Youth and Schooling: Factors Influencing Social Adjustment | Nicholls & Thorkildsen |
| Nov. 24th | Youth and Society | Youniss & Yates |
| Dec. 1st | Student Presentations | |
| Dec. 8th | Student Presentations | |
| Dec. 15th | Final Projects Due |
The Social Development in Urban Contexts: Sample Readings
Developing a Sense of Context
Brown, C. (1965). Manchild
in the promised land: A modern classic of the black experience. New
York: NAL Penguin
Edelman, M. W. (1985). The
sea is so wide and my boat is so small: Problems facing black children
today. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social,
educational, and parental environments (pp. 72-82). Newbury Park, CA:
Sage Publications.
Kotlowitz, A. (1991). There
are no children here: The story of two boys growing up in the other America.
New York: Doubleday.
Rose, M. (1995). Possible
lives: The promise of public education in America. New York: Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Sabol, B. J. (1991). The
urban child. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 2,
59-73.
Tatum, B. D. (1992). Talking
about race, learning about racism: The application of racial identity development
theory in the classroom. Harvard Educational Review, 62, 1-24.
Reed, S, & Sautter,
R. C. (1990, June). Children of poverty: The status of 12 million young
Americans. Phi Delta Kappan, K1 -K12.
How Valid is the Research?
Fisher, C. B., Higgins-D'Alessandro,
A., Rau, J-M. B., Kuther, T. L., & Belanger, S. (1996). Referring and
reporting research participants at risk: Views from urban adolescents.
Child
Development, 67, 2086-2100.
Gates, H. L. (1991). "Authenticity,"
or the lesson of Little Tree. New York Times Book Review, November
24, 1, 26-30.
McLoyd, V. C., Randolph,
S. M. (1984). The conduct and publication of research on Afro-American
children: A content analysis. Human Development, 27, 65-75.
Slaughter-Defoe, D. T.,
Nakagawa, K., Takanishi, R., & Johnson, D. J. (1990). Toward cultural/ecological
perspectives on schooling and achievement in African- and Asian-American
children. Child Development, 61, 363-383.
Spencer, M. B., & Dornbusch,
S. M. (1990). Challenges in studying minority youth. In S. S. Feldman,
& G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent.
(pp. 123-146). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Washington, E. D., &
McLoyd, V. C. (1982). The external validity of research involving American
minorities. Human Development, 25, 324-339.
The Developing Sense of Self
Ethnic Identity Formation
Burnett, M. N., Sisson,
K. (1995). Doll studies revisited: A question of validity. Journal of
Black Psychology, 12, 19-29.
Cross, W. E. (1985). Black
identity: Rediscovering the distinction between personal identity and reference
group orientation. In M.B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, & W. R. Allen (Eds.),
Beginnings:
The social and affective development of black children (pp. 155-171).
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Cross, W. E. (1987). A two-factor
theory of black identity: Implications for the study of identity development
in minority children. In J. S. Phinney & M. J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's
ethnic socialization: Pluralism and development (pp. 117-133). Newbury
Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Cross, W. E. (1991). Shades
of black: Diversity in African-American identity. Philadelphia, PA:
Temple University Press.
Long, W. C. & Farr,
C. A. (1991). Lost and found: Reflections on identity and success from
six black men. Urban Education, 26, 310-326.
Peshkin, A. (1991). Riverview
High School students: Ethnicity and identity. In A. Peshkin, The color
of strangers, the color of friends: The play of ethnicity in school and
community (pp. 171-212). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ramsey, P. G. (1987). Young
children's thinking about ethnic differences. In J. S. Phinney & M.
J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialization: Pluralism and development
(pp. 56-72). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Spencer, M. B. (1985). Cultural
cognition and social cognition as identity correlates of black children's
personal-social development. In M.B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, & W.
R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development of
black children (pp. 215-230). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Spencer, M. B. (1987). Black
children's ethnic identity formation: Risk and resilience of castelike
minorities. In J. S. Phinney & M. J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's
ethnic socialization: Pluralism and development (pp. 103-116). Newbury
Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Spencer, M. B, & Markstrom-Adams,
C. (1990). Identity processes among racial and ethnic minority children
in America. Child Development, 61, 290-310
Ego Development
Delpit, L. D. (1988).
The silenced dialogue: Power and pedagogy in educating other people's children.
Harvard
Educational Review, 58, 280-298.
Enger, J. M., Howerton,
D. L., Cobbs, C. R. (1994). Internal/external locus of control, self-esteem,
and parental verbal interaction of at-risk Black male adolescents. Journal
of Social Psychology, 134, 269-274.
Falbo, T., Poston, D. L.,
Jr., Triscari, R. S., Zhang, X. (1997). Self-enhancing illusions among
Chinese school children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28,
172-191.
Fordham, S. (1988). Racelessness
as a factor in black students' school success: Pragmatic strategy or pyrrhic
victory? Harvard Educational Review, 58, 54-84.
Franklin, V. P. (1985).
From integration to black self-determination: Changing social science perspectives
on Afro-American life and culture. In M.B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, &
W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development
of black children (pp. 19-28). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gibbs, J. (1988). Young,
black, and male in America: An endangered species. Dover, MA: Auburn
House.
Hare, B. R., & Castenell,
L. A., Jr., (1985). No place to run, no place to hide: Comparative status
and future prospects of black boys. In M.B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, &
W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development
of black children (pp. 117-130). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hart, D., Atkins, R., &
Ford, D. (1998). Urban America as a context for the development of moral
identity in adolescence. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 513-530.
Krause, N. (1985). Interracial
contact in schools and black children's self-esteem. In H. P. McAdoo &
J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental
environments (pp. 257-269). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Lawrence, C. M., Thelen,
M. H. (1995). Body image, dieting, and self-concept: Their relation in
African-American and Caucasian children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,
24, 41-48.
Levy, G., Lysne, M., &
Underwood, L. (1995). Children’s and adults’ memories for self-schema consistent
and inconsistent content. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 113-115.
Markstrom-Adams, C., Adams,
G. R. (1995). Gender, ethnic group, and grade differences in psychosocial
functioning during middle adolescence? Journal of Youth and Adolescence,
24, 397-417.
Ogbu, J. U. (1985). A cultural
ecology of competence among inner city blacks. In M.B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins,
& W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development
of black children (pp. 45-66). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Powell, G. J. (1989). Defining
self-concept as a dimension of academic achievement. In G. L. Berry and
J. K. Asaman (Eds.), Black students: Psychosocial issues and achievement
(pp. 69-82). Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press.
Silverman, W. K., LaGreca,
A. M., Wasserstein, S. (1995). What do children worry about? Worries and
their relation to anxiety. Child Development, 66, 671-686.
Zhang, S. X. (1995). Measuring
shaming in and ethnic context. British Journal of Criminology, 35,
248-262.
Racial Attitudes
Aboud, F. (1988). Children
and prejudice. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Kiang, P. N., & Kaplan,
J. (1994). Where do we stand? Views of racial conflict by Vietnamese American
high-school students in a black and white context. The Urban Review,
26, 95-119.
Katz, P. A. (1982). Development
of children's racial awareness and intergroup attitudes. In L. G. Katz
(Ed.), Current topics in early childhood education, Vol 4. (pp.
17-54). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Kochman, T. (1987). The
ethnic component in black language and culture. In J. S. Phinney &
M. J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialization: Pluralism and
development (pp. 219-238). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Marshall, S. (1995). Ethnic
socialization of African American children: Implications for parenting,
identity development, and academic achievement. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 24, 377-396.
McAdoo, H. P. (1985). Racial
attitude and self-concept of young black children over time. In H. P. McAdoo
& J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and
parental environments (pp. 213-242). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
McAdoo, J. L. (1985). Modification
of racial attitudes and preferences in young black children. In H. P. McAdoo
& J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and
parental environments (pp. 243-256). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Rooney-Rebeck, P., &
Jason, L. (1986). Prevention of prejudice in elementary school students.
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of Primary Prevention, 7, 63-73.
Aggression
Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A.,
Terry, R., Wright, V. (1991). The role of aggression in peer relations:
An analysis of aggression episodes in boy's play groups. Child Development,
62, 812-826.
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G.
S., Bates, J. E., & Valente, E. (1995). Social information-processing
patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later
conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 632-643.
Durant, R. H., Getts, A.,
Cadenhead, C., & Emans, S. J. (et al.) (1995). Exposure to violence
and victimization and depression, hopelessness, and purpose in life among
adolescents living in and around public housing. Journal of Developmental
and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16, 233-237.
Graham, S., Hudley, C.,
& Williams, E. (1992). Attributional and emotional determinants of
aggression among African-American and Latino young adolescents. Developmental
Psychology, 28, 731-740.
Hudley, C., & Graham,
S. (1993). An attributional intervention to reduce peer-directed aggression
among African-American boys. Child Development, 64, 124-138.
Osterman, K., Bjorkqvist,
K., Lagerspetz, K., M-J., Kaukiainen, A. (et al.) (1994). Peer and self-estimated
aggression and victimization in 8-year-old children from five ethnic groups.
Aggressive
Behavior, 20, 411-428.
Wall, J. E., Holden, E.
W. (1994). Aggressive, assertive, and submissive behaviors in disadvantages,
inner-city preschool children. Special issue: Impact of poverty on children,
youth, and families. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 382-390.
Youth and Their Parents
The Impact of Economic and Sociological Factors on Development
Attar, B. K., Guerra, N.
G., Tolan, P. H. (1994). Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events,
and adjustment in urban elementary-school children. Special Issue: Impact
of poverty on children, youth, and families. Journal of Clinical Child
Psychology, 23, 391-400.
Howes, C., Sakai, L. M.,
Shinn, M., Phillips, D. (et al.) (1995). Race, social class, and maternal
working conditions as influences on children’s development. Journal
of Applied Developmental Psychology, 16, 107-124.
Jarrett, R. L. (1995). Growing
up poor: The family experiences of socially mobile youth in low-income
African-American neighborhoods. Special issue: Creating supportive communities
for adolescent development: Challenges to scholars. Journal of Adolescent
Research, 10, 111-135.
McAdoo, H. P. (1978). Factors
related to stability in upwardly mobile black families. Journal of Marriage
and the Family, 40, 761-776.
McLoyd, V. C. (1989). Socialization
and development in a changing economy: The effects of paternal job and
income loss on children. American Psychologist, 44, 293-302.
McLoyd, V. C. (1990). The
impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psychological
distress, parenting and socioemotional development. Child Development,
61, 311-346.
Simmons, D. A. (1994). Urban
children’s preferences for nature: Lessons for environmental education.
Children’s
Environments, 11, 194-203.
Scanzoni, J. (1985). Black
parental values and expectations of children's occupational and educational
success: Theoretical implications. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.),
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Wyman, P. A., Cowen, E.
L., Work, W. C., Hoyt-Meyers, L., Magnus, K. B., & Fagen, D. B. (1999).
Caregiving and developmental factors differentiating young at-risk urban
children showing resilient versus stress-affected outcomes: A replication
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Parenting Strategies and Discipline
Foster, H. (1983). African
patterns in the Afro-American family. Journal of Black Studies, 14,
201-232.
Franklin, A. J. & Boyd-Franklin,
N. (1985). A psychoeducational perspective on black parenting. In H. P.
McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational,
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Harrison, A. O. (1985).
The black family's socializing environment: Self-esteem and ethnic attitude
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children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 174-193).
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Harrison, A. O., Wilson,
M. N., Pine, C. J., Chan, S. Q., & Buriel, R. (1990). Family ecologies
of ethnic minority children. Child Development, 61, 347-362.
Kelley, M. L., Power, T.
G., & Wimbush, D. D. (1992). Determinants of disciplinary practices
in low-income black mothers. Child Development, 63, 573-582.
Kelly, M. L., Sanchez, H.
J., & Walker, R. R. (1993). Correlates of disciplinary practices in
working to middle-class African American mothers. Merrill Palmer Quarterly,
39, 252-264.
Neal, A. M., Nagle, L. (1995).
Fears in African-American sibling and nonsibling pairs. Journal of the
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Peters, M. F. (1985). Racial
socialization of young black children. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo
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Phinney, J. S., Chavira,
V. (1995). Parental ethnic socialization and adolescent coping with problems
related to ethnicity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 31-53.
Smith, C., Krohn, M. D.,
(1995). Delinquency and family life among male adolescents: The role of
ethnicity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 69-93.
Stewart, J. P. (1995). Home
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Wade, J. C. (1994). African
American fathers and sons: Social, historical and psychological considerations.
Families
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Wilson, M. N. (1989). Child
development in the context of the Black extended family. American Psychologist,
44, 380-385.
Youth and Their Peers
Gang Life
Bing, L. (1991). Do or
die. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
Bowker, L. H., Klein, M.
W. (1983). The etiology of female juvenile delinquency and gang membership:
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Hagedorn, J. M. (1988).
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and folks: Gangs, crime and the underclass in a rustbelt city. Chicago:
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Jankowski, M. S. (1991).
Islands
in the street: Gangs in American urban society. Berkeley, CA: University
of California Press.
Labov, T. (1982). Social
structure and peer terminology in a Black adolescent gang. Language
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Perkins, U. E. (1987). Explosion
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Friendship
Bonn, M. (1995). Associations
between peer relations in childhood and adversity. Early Child Development
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Brook, J. S., Gordon, A.
S., Brook, A., Brook, D. W. (1989). The consequences of marijuana use on
intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning in Black and White adolescents.
Genetic,
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Richards, W., & Stringer, S. A. (1986). Effects of parental maltreatment
on children's conceptions of interpersonal relationships. Developmental
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B. J. (1990). School and neighborhood friendship patterns of blacks and
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S. A., & Pugh, M. D. (1986). Friendship and delinquency. American
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K. E. (1993). The relationship of school belonging and friend's values
to academic motivation among urban adolescent students. Journal of Experimental
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Kistner, J., Metzler, A.,
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S. W. (1986). Peer interactions of conduct-disordered, anxious-withdrawn,
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Youth and Their School
Achievement Motivation
Allen, B. A., & Boykin,
A. W. (1992). African American children and the education process: Alleviating
cultural discontinuity through prescriptive pedagogy. School Psychology
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Busch, C. (1995). Mathematics
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Catterall, J. S. (1998).
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Colsant, L. C. Jr. (1995).
"Hey, man, why do we gotta take this...?" Learning to listen to students.
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Social Relations
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N. J. (1996). Reasoning about intergroup relations among Hispanic and Euro-American
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Achievement
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A. W. (1991). The influence of contextual factors on Afro-American and
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Towards a model of teacher-child transactional processes affecting black
children's academic achievement. In M.B. Spencer, G. K. Brookins, &
W. R. Allen (Eds.), Beginnings: The social and affective development
of black children (pp. 117-130). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Landson-Billings, G. (1990).
Culturally relevant teaching: Effective instruction for black students.
College
Board Review, 155, 20-25.
Neisser, U. (1986). The
school achievement of minority children: New perspectives. Hillsdale,
NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum. (particularly chapters by John Ogbu and Wade Boykin)
Richardson, T. Q. (1993).
Black cultural learning styles: Is it really a myth? School Psychology
Review, 22, 562-567.
Spencer, M. B. (1985). Racial
variations in achievement prediction: The school as a conduit for macrostructural
cultural tension. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children:
Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 85-111). Newbury
Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Spencer, M. B., Dupree,
D., Swanson, D. P., & Cunningham, M. (1998). The influence of physical
maturation and hassles on African American adolescents’ learning behaviors.
Journal
of Comparative Family Studies, 29, 189-200.
Timberlake, C. H. (1982).
Demographic factors and personal resources that Black female students identified
as being supportive in attaining their high school diplomas.
Youth and Society
Comer, J. P. (1985). Empowering
black children's educational environments. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L.
McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments
(pp.
123-138). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Ryan, W. (1976). The art
of savage discovery: How to blame the victim. In W. Ryan, Blaming the
victim (pp. 3-62). New York: Random House.
Other Materials
Newspaper Articles & Book Reviews
Ayres, B. (1989). We who
believe in freedom cannot rest until it's done." Two dauntless women of
the civil rights movement and the education of a people. Harvard Educational
Review, 59, 520-528.
Brown, C. (1984). Manchild
in Harlem. New York Times Magazine, September 16.
Cargo, M. (1992). Living
color: Documentary chronicles shifting TV portrayals of blacks. Chicago
Tribune, April 3.
Castro, J. (1992). In the
brutal world of LA's toughest gangs. (Interview with Leon Bing).Time,
March 16.
Dorn, Z. & Dorn, B.
(1991). There are no children here (review). Day Care and Early Education,
19, 48.
Hill, D. (19?). A theory
of success and failure. Teacher Magazine, 40-45.
Gregory, S. S. (1992). The
hidden hurdle: Talent black students find that one of the most insidious
obstacles to achievement comes from a surprising source: their own peers.
Time,
March 16, 44-46.
Kohl, H. (1992). Rotton
to the core. The Nation, April 6, 457-461.
Kohn, A. (1991, December).
You don't fix schools by wielding a club: More evaluations and tests are
no answer. The Boston Sunday Globe, December 1, 1991.
Robinson, L. S. (1989).
What culture should mean, The Nation, Sept. 25, 319-321.
Other Books Influencing Class Discussions
Berry, G. V., & Asamen,
J. K. (Eds.). (1989). Black students: Psychosocial issues and academic
achievement. Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press.
Blauner, B. (1989). Black
lives, white lives: Three decades of race relations in America. Berkeley,
University of California Press.
Collins, M. & Tamarkin,
C. (1982). Marva Collins' way. Los Angeles, CA: Jeremy P. Tarcher,
Inc.
Comer, J. P. (1980). School
power: Implications of an intervention project. New York: The Free
Press.
Cone, J. H. (1969). Black
theology and black power. New York: The Seabury Press.
Dillard, J. L. (1972). Black
English: Its history and usage in the United States. New York: Vintage
Books.
DuBois, W. E. B. (1990/1986).
The
souls of black folks. New York: Vintage Books.
Fowler, J. W. (1981). Black
theologies of liberation: A structural-developmental analysis. In B. Mahan
& L. D. Richesin (Eds.), The challenge of liberation theology
(pp. 69-90). New York: Orbis Books.
Garbarino, J., Stott, F.
M., & Faculty of the Erikson Institute (1989). What children can
tell us. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Kluger, R. (1975). Simple
Justice. New York: Vintage Books.
Kochman, T. (1981). Black
and white styles in conflict. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kunjufu, J. (1988). To
be popular or smart: The black peer group. Chicago, IL: African American
Images.
Morrison, T. (1987).
Beloved. New York: Plume.
Powell, M. & Solity,
J. (1990). Teachers in control: Cracking the code. New York: Routledge.
Schoem, D. (1991). Inside
separate worlds: Life stories of young Blacks, Jews, and Latinos. Ann
Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Simonson, R., & Walker,
S. (1988). The graywolf annual five: Multicultural literacy, opening
the American mind. Saint Paul, MN: Graywolf Press.
Slaughter, D. (Ed.) (1986).
Black
children and poverty: A developmental perspective. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Sleeter, C. E. (1991).
Empowerment through multicultural education. Albany, NY: State University
of New York Press.
Solomon, R. P. (1992). Black
resistance in high school: Forging a separatist culture. New York:
SUNY Press.
Steele, S. (1990). The
content of our character. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Wiley, R. (1992). Why
black people tend to shout. New York: Penguin Books.
Woodson, C. G. (1933/1990).
The
mis-education of the Negro. Trenton, NJ: African World Press.